Brief history of electrical cortical stimulation: A journey in time from Volta to Penfield.

Epilepsy Research
Cigdem IsitanRafeed Alkawadri

Abstract

To recount the evolution of Electrical Cortical Stimulation (ECS) in localizing brain functions with an emphasis on epilepsy, and a discussion of related instruments and personnel. Literature review through historical archives implementing chain-referral sampling. There were important milestones leading to the incorporation of ECS into practice: 1. Aldini's (1802) first known stimulation of exposed brain to defend Galvani's views on excitability in the frog-leg experiment against Volta's, ironically by employing the Voltaic pile. 2. Animal experiments in the 19th-century to study the brain and to optimize the procedure: Rolando (1809) reported on motor induction, Fritsch and Hitzig (ca. 1870) introduced the concepts of bipolar and threshold stimulation, and Ferrier (1873) generated reproducible homunculi in animals. 3. Parallel to 2, advances were made based on clinical observations by Bravais, Todd, Jackson, and Broca among others. 4. First known stimulation in conscious humans by Bartholow (1874) led to catastrophic outcomes. Horsley (1886) performed first intraoperative stimulation on Jackson's epileptic patient. 5. Advances accelerated in the first-half of the 20th century with Cushing (1909) performing first awake-cranioto...Continue Reading

Citations

Apr 30, 2021·Frontiers in Neurology·Daniel L DraneAmmar Kheder
Jul 4, 2021·Neurologic Clinics·Irfan Ali, Kim Houck
Nov 11, 2021·Acta neurochirurgica·George Samandouras

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