Broad supernatural punishment but not moralizing high gods precede the evolution of political complexity in Austronesia

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
Joseph WattsRussell D Gray

Abstract

Supernatural belief presents an explanatory challenge to evolutionary theorists-it is both costly and prevalent. One influential functional explanation claims that the imagined threat of supernatural punishment can suppress selfishness and enhance cooperation. Specifically, morally concerned supreme deities or 'moralizing high gods' have been argued to reduce free-riding in large social groups, enabling believers to build the kind of complex societies that define modern humanity. Previous cross-cultural studies claiming to support the MHG hypothesis rely on correlational analyses only and do not correct for the statistical non-independence of sampled cultures. Here we use a Bayesian phylogenetic approach with a sample of 96 Austronesian cultures to test the MHG hypothesis as well as an alternative supernatural punishment hypothesis that allows punishment by a broad range of moralizing agents. We find evidence that broad supernatural punishment drives political complexity, whereas MHGs follow political complexity. We suggest that the concept of MHGs diffused as part of a suite of traits arising from cultural exchange between complex societies. Our results show the power of phylogenetic methods to address long-standing debates ab...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 11, 2016·Nature·Dominic D P Johnson
May 8, 2016·Human Nature : an Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective·Hervey C PeoplesFrank W Marlowe
Jul 3, 2016·Psychonomic Bulletin & Review·Mark Pagel
Jul 9, 2016·PloS One·Kathryn R KirbyMichael C Gavin
Nov 9, 2016·Scientific Data·Benjamin Grant PurzyckiJoseph Henrich
May 26, 2017·Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science·Brian Boyd
Jul 26, 2017·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Russell D Gray, Joseph Watts
Dec 7, 2017·Nature Communications·Daniel SmithAndrea Bamberg Migliano
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Mar 7, 2019·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Martin LangJoseph Henrich
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