Cadmium, gene regulation, and cellular signalling in mammalian cells

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
D Beyersmann, S Hechtenberg

Abstract

Effects of the carcinogenic metal cadmium on the regulation of mammalian gene expression are reviewed and discussed in the light of observations on interference with cellular signal transduction pathways. Cadmium ions are taken up through calcium channels of the plasma membrane of various cell types, and cadmium is accumulated intracellularly due to its binding to cytoplasmic and nuclear material. At elevated cytotoxic concentrations, cadmium inhibits the biosyntheses of DNA, RNA, and protein, and it induces lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks, and chromosome aberrations. Cadmium compounds as such are only weak mutagens and clastogens. However, cadmium at noncytotoxic doses interferes with DNA repair processes and enhances the genotoxicity of directly acting mutagens. Hence, the inhibition of repair and detoxifying enzymes by this metal may partially explain the observed weak genotoxic properties of this metal. Nongenotoxic mechanisms upregulating intracellular signalling pathways leading to increased mitogenesis are discussed as major mechanisms for the interpretation of the carcinogenic activity by chronic cadmium exposure. About 1 microM cadmium stimulates DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in various cell lines, whereas...Continue Reading

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