Caffeine in surface and wastewaters in Barbados, West Indies

SpringerPlus
Quincy A EdwardsLeah D Garner-O'Neale

Abstract

Caffeine, a purine alkaloid drug, has been recognized as a contaminant of water bodies in various climatic regions, however, these environmental caffeine concentrations are the first to be reported in the tropical Caribbean. The major objective of this study was to develop an improved method to extract caffeine from surface and wastewaters in the warm Caribbean environment and measure caffeine concentrations in highly populated areas in Barbados. Caffeine was extracted from water via solid phase extraction (SPE); the acidified water samples were loaded onto C-18 cartridges and eluted with pure chloroform. The extracted caffeine was quantified using gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy - multiple reaction monitoring (GC-MS/MS-MRM). Method detection limits of 0.2 ng L(-1) from 1 L water samples were achieved. Caffeine was detected in all environmental water samples investigated. The concentrations of caffeine in surface waters were detected in the range 0.1 - 6.9 μg L(-1). The two wastewater treatment plants, primary and secondary treatment systems, significantly differed in their ability to eliminate caffeine in the raw sewage (38% and 99% caffeine removal efficiencies respectively). Thus, it may be essential to employ seconda...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 23, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·H T C ChauY Ito
Nov 16, 2017·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Quincy A EdwardsTamanna Sultana
Sep 16, 2019·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Paula PaígaCristina Delerue-Matos
May 4, 2018·Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology·Quincy A EdwardsChris D Metcalfe
Feb 24, 2020·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Guilaine JariaValdemar I Esteves
Mar 24, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Mayara Caroline FelipeJuliano José Corbi
Aug 17, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Jayakumar RenganathanLigy Philip

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