Calcaneal spurs: examining etiology using prehistoric skeletal remains to understand present day heel pain

The Foot
Elizabeth Weiss

Abstract

Calcanei are the most common sites for bony spurs. Although calcaneal enthesophytes have been extensively researched, many unknowns remain. Whether biological factors, such as age, weight and genetics, play a greater role in calcaneal spur etiology than activity is still unknown. The current study examines 121 adults from a prehistoric hunter-gatherer population to aid in understanding bony spur etiology. Calcaneal spurs are scored as present or absent on the dorsal or plantar side; they are analyzed in regards to their relationships with age, sex, osteoarthritis, cortical index, femoral head breadth and muscle markers. Dorsal and plantar spurs frequencies increase with age (chi-squares=16.90, 7.268, Ps<0.05, respectively). Dorsal spurs were more frequent than plantar spurs (chi-square=38.000; P<0.0001). There is a positive relationship with calcaneal spurs and upper limb and lower limb osteoarthritis (chi-squares=5.587, 7.640, Ps<0.05, respectively). The data presented support that dorsal spurs are in part the result of activities, but plantar spurs may be a more modern phenomena resulting from long periods of standing and excess weight.

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Citations

Mar 19, 2014·BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders·Hechmi ToumiEric Lespessailles
Aug 12, 2014·Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons·P Beeson
Oct 10, 2014·International Journal of Applied & Basic Medical Research·Jagdev Singh KullarKeerat Kaur Kullar
Mar 17, 2015·The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons·Binghua ZhouKanglai Tang
Nov 30, 2014·The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons·Andrea Emilio Salvi
Apr 4, 2017·Journal of Anatomy·Joshua KirkpatrickSeyed Ali Mirjalili
Oct 1, 2020·Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association·Gulnihal DenizMurat Ogeturk
Sep 12, 2018·PeerJ·Kara C Hoover, J Colette Berbesque
Aug 10, 2017·Foot & Ankle International·Ruth L ChimentiPhinit Phisitkul
Jun 26, 2021·Scientific Reports·Johann ZwirnerNiels Hammer

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