Cannabis sativa (Hemp) Seeds, Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Potential Overdose

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Yi YangLakshmi P Kotra

Abstract

Introduction:Cannabis sativa (hemp) seeds are popular for their high nutrient content, and strict regulations are in place to limit the amount of potentially harmful phytocannabinoids, especially Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC). In Canada, this limit is 10 μg of Δ(9)-THC per gram of hemp seeds (10 ppm), and other jurisdictions in the world follow similar guidelines. Materials and Methods: We investigated three different brands of consumer-grade hemp seeds using four different procedures to extract phytocannabinoids, and quantified total Δ(9)-THC and cannabidiol (CBD). Discussion: We discovered that Δ(9)-THC concentrations in these hemp seeds could be as high as 1250% of the legal limit, and the amount of phytocannabinoids depended on the extraction procedure employed, Soxhlet extraction being the most efficient across all three brands of seeds. Δ(9)-THC and CBD exhibited significant variations in their estimated concentrations even from the same brand, reflecting the inhomogeneous nature of seeds and variability due to the extraction method, but almost in all cases, Δ(9)-THC concentrations were higher than the legal limit. These quantities of total Δ(9)-THC may reach as high as 3.8 mg per gram of hemp seeds, if one were co...Continue Reading

References

Sep 1, 1983·Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics·M E WallM Perez-Reyes
Dec 8, 2000·Journal of Analytical Toxicology·S A RossM A Elsohly
Aug 23, 2007·Chemistry & Biodiversity·Marilyn A Huestis
Jun 12, 2009·Drug Metabolism Reviews·Shu-Feng ZhouBalram Chowbay
Sep 5, 2009·Trends in Pharmacological Sciences·Angelo A IzzoRaphael Mechoulam
Jul 2, 2010·British Journal of Pharmacology·Jürg GertschVincenzo Di Marzo
Sep 20, 2011·Pharmacology & Therapeutics·Andrew J HillGary J Stephens
Nov 2, 2011·Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics·Masahiro Hiratsuka
Jun 15, 2016·Pediatric Emergency Care·Matteo ChinelloMauro Calvani

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Feb 2, 2019·Journal of Pancreatic Cancer·Golnaz SharafiMehrdad Nikfarjam
May 31, 2020·Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine·Hance ClarkeLakshmi P Kotra
Jun 18, 2020·Frontiers in Pharmacology·Erin M MooreSlavko Komarnytsky
Aug 6, 2020·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Yi YangLakshmi P Kotra
Sep 29, 2019·Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research·Melissa M Lewis-BakkerLakshmi P Kotra
Apr 2, 2021·PloS One·Lee James ConneelyTobias Kretzschmar

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Methods Mentioned

BETA
sedation

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.