Cardiotocography and beyond: a review of one-dimensional Doppler ultrasound application in fetal monitoring

Physiological Measurement
Faezeh MarzbanradGari D Clifford

Abstract

One-dimensional Doppler ultrasound (1D-DUS) provides a low-cost and simple method for acquiring a rich signal for use in cardiovascular screening. However, despite the use of 1D-DUS in cardiotocography (CTG) for decades, there are still challenges that limit the effectiveness of its users in reducing fetal and neonatal morbidities and mortalities. This is partly due to the noisy, transient, complex and nonstationary nature of the 1D-DUS signals. Current challenges also include lack of efficient signal quality metrics, insufficient signal processing techniques for extraction of fetal heart rate and other vital parameters with adequate temporal resolution, and lack of appropriate clinical decision support for CTG and Doppler interpretation. Moreover, the almost complete lack of open research in both hardware and software in this field, as well as commercial pressures to market the much more expensive and difficult to use Doppler imaging devices, has hampered innovation. This paper reviews the basics of fetal cardiac function, 1D-DUS signal generation and processing, its application in fetal monitoring and assessment of fetal development and wellbeing. It also provides recommendations for future development of signal processing an...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 13, 2021·Trends in Molecular Medicine·Camilo EspinosaUNKNOWN Prematurity Research Center at Stanford
Oct 27, 2020·Physiological Measurement·Camilo E ValderramaGari D Clifford

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