Carnosine Decreases PMA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Murine Macrophages

Antioxidants
Giuseppe CarusoFilippo Caraci

Abstract

Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide composed of β-alanine and L-histidine. This naturally occurring molecule is present at high concentrations in several mammalian excitable tissues such as muscles and brain, while it can be found at low concentrations in a few invertebrates. Carnosine has been shown to be involved in different cellular defense mechanisms including the inhibition of protein cross-linking, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species detoxification as well as the counteraction of inflammation. As a part of the immune response, macrophages are the primary cell type that is activated. These cells play a crucial role in many diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, carnosine was first tested for its ability to counteract oxidative stress. In our experimental model, represented by RAW 264.7 macrophages challenged with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitors, carnosine was able to decrease the intracellular concentration of superoxide anions (O2-•) as well as the expression of Nox1 and Nox2 enzyme genes. This carnosine antioxidant activity was accompanied by the attenuation of...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 30, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Claudia G FrestaGiuseppe Caruso
Mar 4, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Claudia G FrestaClaudio Bucolo
May 3, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Saurabh JainArshad Majid
Nov 27, 2019·European Journal of Preventive Cardiology·Charulata JindalJimmy T Efird
Dec 10, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Claudia Giuseppina FrestaClaudio Bucolo

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
transgenic
PMA
Protein Assay
PCR
Electrophoresis
Fluorescence
nuclear translocation
Infrared Imaging

Software Mentioned

Image J
Graphpad
Graphpad prism

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