Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Anton C J Lager, Jenny Torssander

Abstract

In 1949-1962, Sweden implemented a 1-y increase in compulsory schooling as a quasi-experiment. Each year, children in a number of municipalities were exposed to the reform and others were kept as controls, allowing us to test the hypothesis that education is causally related to mortality. We studied all children born between 1943 and 1955, in 900 Swedish municipalities, with control for birth-cohort and area differences. Primary outcome measures are all-cause and cause-specific mortality until the end of 2007. The analyses include 1,247,867 individuals, of whom 92,351 died. We found lower all-cause mortality risk in the experimental group after age 40 [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-0.99] but not before (HR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.98-1.07) or during the whole follow-up (HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-1.01). After age 40, the experimental group had lower mortality from overall cancer, lung cancer, and accidents. In addition, exposed women had lower mortality from ischemic heart disease, and exposed men lower mortality from overall external causes. In analyses stratified for final educational level, we found lower mortality in the experimental group within the strata that settled for compulsory schooling only (HR = ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 4, 2013·International Journal of Epidemiology·Anton C J Lager
Jun 28, 2014·International Journal of Public Health·Ivana KulhánováJohan P Mackenbach
Aug 16, 2013·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Martin FischerTherese Nilsson
Jan 27, 2015·European Journal of Public Health·Sofia Ljungdahl, Sven G Bremberg
Feb 25, 2014·Social Science & Medicine·Christina GathmannSteffen Reinhold
Apr 1, 2015·American Journal of Preventive Medicine·Johan P Mackenbach
Mar 18, 2015·Demography·Kieron Barclay, Martin Kolk
Jul 30, 2014·Social Science & Medicine·Ivana KulhánováUNKNOWN EURO-GBD-SE Consortium
Jun 4, 2016·International Journal of Epidemiology·Anton LagerMartin Lövdén
Jul 10, 2016·Demography·Petter LundborgPaul Nystedt
Jul 7, 2017·Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology·Jostein Grytten
Nov 1, 2017·Molecular Psychiatry·R Karlsson LinnérD J Benjamin
Dec 1, 2018·Psychological Science·Gideon NavePhilipp D Koellinger
Nov 9, 2018·Nature Human Behaviour·Neil M DaviesFrank Windmeijer
Jan 13, 2019·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health·Emilie CourtinMauricio Avendano
Jun 7, 2019·European Heart Journal·Lingyao ZengHeribert Schunkert
Nov 7, 2019·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health·Alexi Gugushvili, Caspar Kaiser
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Jan 18, 2020·Journal of Health Economics·Katharina JankeMichael A Shields
Nov 16, 2021·The European Journal of Health Economics : HEPAC : Health Economics in Prevention and Care·Tatjana Begerow, Hendrik Jürges

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