PMID: 8963376Dec 1, 1995Paper

Causal inference from indirect experiments

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
J Pearl

Abstract

An indirect experiment is a study in which randomized control is replaced by randomized encouragement, that is, subjects are encouraged, rather than forced, to receive a given treatment program. The purpose of this paper is to bring to the attention of experimental researchers simple mathematical results that enable us to assess, from indirect experiments, the strength with which causal influences operate among variables of interest. The results reveal that despite the laxity of the encouraging instrument, data from indirect experimentation can yield significant and sometimes accurate information on the impact of a program on the population as a whole, as well as on the particular individuals who participated in the program.

References

Oct 6, 1989·Science·J Palca

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Citations

Jul 25, 2012·Statistics in Medicine·W G Havercroft, V Didelez
Dec 1, 2006·Statistics in Medicine·Zhihong CaiTosiya Sato
May 26, 2007·Statistics in Medicine·Yasutaka ChibaSander Greenland
Sep 10, 2008·Statistics in Medicine·Manabu Kuroki, Zhihong Cai
Aug 20, 2009·Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology·Brian W WhitcombRobert W Platt
Feb 3, 2015·American Journal of Human Genetics·Hugues AschardPeter Kraft
Dec 19, 2016·Environment International·L Elizabeth BrewerLinda Teuschler
Jun 29, 2017·Statistical Methods in Medical Research·Ridho RahmadiUNKNOWN OPTIMISTIC consortium
Oct 26, 2018·International Journal of Epidemiology·Philip J ClareRichard P Mattick
Mar 10, 2018·AIDS Research and Therapy·Derek J ChanAnjali K Bhardwaj
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Jun 13, 2017·Biometrical Journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift·Yasutaka Chiba
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Mar 6, 2018·Biometrika·Linbo WangThomas S Richardson
Mar 1, 1996·Journal of the American Statistical Association·N E Breslow
Jun 15, 2021·The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons·Shaun P ForbesThomas A Trikalinos

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