Cellular Components and Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance Induction

Critical Reviews in Immunology
Rafael M Rezende, H L Weiner

Abstract

Oral tolerance can be defined as an inhibition of specific immune responsiveness to subsequent parenteral injections of proteins to which an individual or animal has been previously exposed via the oral route. Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral-fed antigens, but induction of regulatory CD4 T-cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 and the membrane-bound TGF-β stands out as the major players in oral tolerance. Oral antigen administration suppresses several animal models of autoimmune disease, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, uveitis, thyroiditis, myasthenia, arthritis, and diabetes, but also nonautoimmune inflammatory conditions such as asthma, atherosclerosis, graft rejection, allergy, and stroke. However, human trials have produced mixed results, and a great deal remains to be learned about the mechanisms of oral tolerance before it can be successfully applied to people. In this review, we highlight the cellular components involved in oral tolerance induction. A deep knowledge of these intricate cell interactions will pave the way for a successful application of antigen tolerance to treat autoimmune and nonautoimmune inflammatory diseases.

Citations

Oct 4, 2019·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Rafael M RezendeHoward L Weiner
Jul 12, 2019·Journal of Virology·Laura María ReyManuel Antonio Franco
Oct 20, 2020·Frontiers in Immunology·Guilherme Gusmao-SilvaAna Maria Caetano Faria
May 6, 2021·Plant Biotechnology Journal·Aparajitha SrinivasanHenry Daniell
Aug 15, 2021·Nature Communications·Thais G MoreiraHoward L Weiner

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