Cephalosporins 1945-1986

Drugs
E P Abraham

Abstract

In 1945, after penicillin had been introduced into medicine, an antibiotic-producing species of Cephalosporium was isolated from a sewage outfall in Sardinia. Four years later in Oxford, this organism was found to produce several antibiotics, one of which was a penicillin with a new side-chain, penicillin N. During a chemical study in 1953, this penicillin was shown to be contaminated with a second substance, cephalosporin C, which contained a beta-lactam ring but was resistant to hydrolysis by a penicillinase (beta-lactamase). At that time, penicillinase-producing Staphylococci were causing a serious problem in hospitals. The isolation of the nucleus of cephalosporin C (7-ACA) enabled pharmaceutical manufacturers to produce many thousands of cephalosporins, some of which have been effective in the treatment of serious infections by a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cephalosporins, like the newer penicillins, have a very low toxicity and have greatly extended the range of chemotherapy. New, sensitive screening methods have revealed further families of clinically useful substances that contain a reactive beta-lactam ring. Genetic engineering has now begun to throw light on the nature of the enzymes that a...Continue Reading

Citations

Apr 25, 2012·International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy·Christopher J A DuncanR Andrew Seaton
Aug 1, 1997·Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology·M E EpsteinN S Sadick
Nov 4, 2004·Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·J H Powers
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Mar 1, 1991·International Journal of Dermatology·R WolfS Brenner
Sep 20, 1989·Journal of Molecular Biology·J A KellyJ M Ghaysen

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