Chloroplast Lipids and Their Biosynthesis

Annual Review of Plant Biology
Georg Hölzl, Peter Dörmann

Abstract

Chloroplasts contain high amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and low levels of the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG). The mostly extraplastidial lipid phosphatidylcholine is found only in the outer envelope. Chloroplasts are the major site for fatty acid synthesis. In Arabidopsis, a certain proportion of glycerolipids is entirely synthesized in the chloroplast (prokaryotic lipids). Fatty acids are also exported to the endoplasmic reticulum and incorporated into lipids that are redistributed to the chloroplast (eukaryotic lipids). MGDG, DGDG, SQDG, and PG establish the thylakoid membranes and are integral constituents of the photosynthetic complexes. Phosphate deprivation induces phospholipid degradation accompanied by the increase in DGDG, SQDG, and GlcADG. During freezing and drought stress, envelope membranes are stabilized by the conversion of MGDG into oligogalactolipids. Senescence and chlorotic stress lead to lipid and chlorophyll degradation and the deposition of acyl and phytyl moieties as fatty acid phytyl esters.

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Citations

Aug 21, 2020·Plant Signaling & Behavior·Jinlu LiNa Sui
Apr 23, 2020·Frontiers in Plant Science·Kassiani KytidouJohannes M F G Aerts
May 20, 2020·Frontiers in Plant Science·Mei HeNai-Zheng Ding
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Dec 17, 2021·Biotechnology for Biofuels·Katharina VollheydeIvo Feussner

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
phospholipid exchange
PLIP

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