Clinical and Etiological Aspects of Gynecomastia in Adult Males: A Multicenter Study

BioMed Research International
Pablo René CostanzoPablo Knoblovits

Abstract

To evaluate the characteristics of presentation, biochemical profile, and etiology of gynecomastia in adults. Medical records of 237 men aged 18-85 years with gynecomastia were evaluated. Highest prevalence of gynecomastia was observed between 21 and 30 years (n = 74; 31.2%). The most common presenting complaints were aesthetic concerns (62.8%) and breast pain (51.2%). 25.3% of the subjects had a history of pubertal gynecomastia. 56.5% had bilateral gynecomastia. 39.9% were overweight and 22.8% were obese. The etiology could not be identified in 45.1% of the cases; the most frequent identified causes were anabolic steroids consumption (13.9%), hypogonadism (11.1%), and use of pharmaceutical drugs (7.8%). Patients with bilateral gynecomastia had a longer history of disease, higher BMI, and lower testosterone levels. Patients with gynecomastia presented more often with aesthetic concerns and secondarily with breast pain. The most frequent final diagnosis was idiopathic gynecomastia, whereas the most frequent identified etiologies were anabolic steroids consumption, hypogonadism, and use of pharmaceutical drugs. Despite the low frequency of etiologies such as thyroid dysfunction or adrenal carcinoma, we emphasize the importance of...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 3, 2019·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·David BoccaraKevin Serror
Jan 3, 2019·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Armaan K MalhotraJugpal S Arneja
Apr 9, 2019·The Journal of International Medical Research·Yansheng Jin, Maoxiao Fan
Nov 7, 2019·International Journal of Endocrinology·Ralitsa RobevaSabina Zacharieva

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