Closed loop electrical control of urinary continence
Abstract
Individuals with spinal cord injury or neurological disorders may have neurogenic detrusor contractions at low volumes (bladder hyperreflexia), which cause incontinence and can lead to significant health problems. Bladder contractions can be suppressed by electrical stimulation of inhibitory pathways but continuous activation may lead to habituation of the inhibitory reflex and loss of continence. We determined whether conditional stimulation with electrical stimulation of inhibitory pathways applied only at the onset of nascent bladder contractions allows the bladder to fill to a greater volume before continence is lost compared with continuous stimulation. In 6 alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats cystometry was performed to compare the volume at which continence was lost under the conditions of no stimulation, continuous stimulation and conditional electrical stimulation of inhibitory pathways. PNT ENG was used to detect the onset of bladder contractions and it served as the input to an event triggered control system that regulated conditional stimulation to maintain continence. Conditional stimulation controlled by PNT ENG increased bladder capacity by 36% over no stimulation and by 15% over continuous stimulation (p <0.001 a...Continue Reading
References
The acute effects of continuous and conditional neuromodulation on the bladder in spinal cord injury
Citations
Electrical stimulation for the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury
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