Abstract
The blue blood of the horseshoe crab contains a sophisticated defense system very sensitive to pathogens or foreign materials. The hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph detect trace amounts of LPS molecules on the invading microorganisms and respond quickly to release the granular components into the external milieu. The coagulation system composed of three serine protease zymogens, factor C, factor B, and proclotting enzyme, and a clottable protein, coagulogen, is activated by LPS to form insoluble coagulin gel. The coagulation system also responds to beta-(1,3) glucan through the activation of unique heterodimeric serine protease zymogen, factor G. The pathogens are, thus, engulfed in the gel and subsequently killed by antimicrobial substances with various specificities, which are also released from cells. The horseshoe crab has developed two kinds of serine protease zymogens as biological sensors, factor C and factor G, which are responsive to LPS and beta-(1,3) glucan on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, respectively. These are possible invaders for horseshoe crabs and also for most animals including humans. This novel heterodimeric serine protease zymogen, factor G, may open a new way to develop an innovati...Continue Reading
Citations
Apr 17, 1999·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·M Ochiai, M Ashida
May 13, 2008·Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery·Nidal TomanThomas Muehlberger
May 1, 2007·Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences·Sadaaki Iwanaga
Mar 2, 2019·Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry·Jackie JackieSam Fong Yau Li
Aug 15, 2020·Frontiers in Physiology·Xiaodan WangLiqiao Chen
Sep 27, 1996·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·K L AgarwalaS Iwanaga
Nov 14, 1997·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Y TakakiS Iwanaga
Sep 3, 1999·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·T OsakiS Kawabata
Feb 7, 2002·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Yoshie TakakiTatsushi Muta
Feb 12, 2020·BMC Genomics·Yan ZhouJianming Chen
Apr 22, 2010·Journal of Biochemistry·Shun-ichiro Kawabata, Tatsushi Muta
Nov 3, 2015·Journal of Immunotoxicology·Musa O SalawuAliyu O Amuzat
Dec 29, 2018·Molecular Ecology Resources·Li GongYongxin Li
Sep 7, 2000·FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·N S TanJ L Ding
Jul 23, 2003·Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : JTH·W C Aird
Jul 26, 2002·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Keiko KataokaKoichiro Takeshige
Jul 6, 2019·Veterinary Pathology·Elise E B LaDouceurAndrew N Cartoceti
Jan 9, 1999·Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology·D Wittwer, A Wiesner
Apr 27, 2000·FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·N S TanJ L Ding
Nov 5, 2020·Cells·Mohamed Hassan KamelVipul C Chitalia
Jan 28, 1999·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·K InamoriS Kawabata
Feb 16, 2021·Frontiers in Immunology·Wei-Feng WangHuan-Ling Wang
Sep 14, 2001·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·T Reyes-Izquierdo, F Vargas-Albores
Feb 1, 1996·Current Opinion in Immunology·T Muta, S Iwanaga
Jan 15, 1999·Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology·B Duvic, M Brehélin
Jul 30, 1999·Developmental and Comparative Immunology·S Kawabata, S Iwanaga
Aug 28, 2004·Comptes rendus biologies·Phil IrvingCharles Hetru
Oct 12, 2004·Fish & Shellfish Immunology·Florinda Jiménez-VegaKenneth Söderhäll
Dec 25, 2010·BMC Immunology·Wei-Chuan ChangKazue Takahashi
Aug 25, 2009·Fish & Shellfish Immunology·Yunchao GaiLing Li
Apr 20, 2010·Immunobiology·Kazue TakahashiElizabeth M Van Cott