Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play multiple roles in tumor initiation and progression. Tumors frequently appear in areas of chronic inflammation. This is likely aided by the mutagenic actions of macrophages. Tumor growth and progression is supported by macrophage-induced neoangiogenesis and stroma production, and macrophages produce tumor-stimulating growth factors. In most cancers a high density of TAMs predicts poor outcome. But not only do cancer cells depend upon macrophages for growth and invasion, they also co-opt macrophage traits. These include a wide diversity of molecules and pathways regulating adhesion, matrix alterations, neoangiogenesis, motility, chemotaxis, immune signaling pathways and even multidrug resistance proteins. Evidence is presented that these traits could be generated through macrophage-tumor cell fusion. Fusion has been reported in numerous animal tumor models and was recently documented in 2 human cases. Fusion could also account for the high degree of aneuploidy and plasticity in cancer, and for immune evasion. One common trait of myeloid-tumor fusion is the high expression of Beta1,6-branched N-glycans, used by macrophages in systemic migration. Beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides have long b...Continue Reading
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