CO2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
Eyup Dogan, Berna Turkekul

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, real output (GDP), the square of real output (GDP(2)), trade openness, urbanization, and financial development in the USA for the period 1960-2010. The bounds testing for cointegration indicates that the analyzed variables are cointegrated. In the long run, energy consumption and urbanization increase environmental degradation while financial development has no effect on it, and trade leads to environmental improvements. In addition, this study does not support the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the USA because real output leads to environmental improvements while GDP(2) increases the levels of gas emissions. The results from the Granger causality test show that there is bidirectional causality between CO2 and GDP, CO2 and energy consumption, CO2 and urbanization, GDP and urbanization, and GDP and trade openness while no causality is determined between CO2 and trade openness, and gas emissions and financial development. In addition, we have enough evidence to support one-way causality running from GDP to energy consumption, from financial development to output, and from urbanization to fi...Continue Reading

References

May 23, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Usama Al-MulaliIlhan Ozturk
May 29, 2015·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Sahbi Farhani, Ilhan Ozturk

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