Comparing the effects of stage and duration of retinoic Acid exposure on amphibian limb development: chronic exposure results in mortality, not limb malformations

Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology
Sigmund J DegitzGerald T Ankley

Abstract

Recently, high frequencies of malformations have been reported in amphibians across the United States. It has been suggested that the malformations may be the result of xenobiotic disruption of retinoid signaling pathways during embryogenesis and tadpole development. Therefore, a series of experiments were undertaken to examine life-stage specific effects of continuous retinoid exposure on Xenopus laevis. Continuous all-trans retinoic acid (RA) concentrations were delivered using a column saturator and a flow-through diluter system. Stage 8 embryos were exposed to RA concentrations ranging from 0.013 to 2 microgram/l. At the onset of hindlimb bud emergence (NF stage 48), a subset of tadpoles was moved to clean water, and remaining organisms were exposed continuously through metamorphosis. In addition, early limb-bud-stage tadpoles were exposed for 1 week, 2 weeks, or until tail resorption was complete, to eight concentrations of RA in the range of 0.031-3 microgram/l. RA exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in mortality and dysmorphogenesis in embryos at concentrations of 0.24 microgram/l and above. However, this early embryonic exposure did not result in hindlimb abnormalities in surviving tadpoles allowed t...Continue Reading

Citations

Apr 17, 2004·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Gerald T AnkleyJ E Tietge
Nov 3, 2005·Environmental Health Perspectives·Brynn TaylorPeter M Rabinowitz
Nov 27, 2008·Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology·Daisuke InoueMichihiko Ike
Oct 7, 2008·Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA·Martin BenísekKlára Hilscherová
Jun 11, 2010·Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution·Stanley K Sessions, Brandon Ballengée
Jun 9, 2009·Environmental Pollution·Reinier M MannScott P Wilson
Dec 16, 2004·Environmental Science & Technology·Derek H AlsopGlen J van der Kraak

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