Comparison between hyperventilation and breath-holding in panic disorder: patients responsive and non-responsive to both tests

Psychiatry Research
Antonio E NardiWalter A Zin

Abstract

Our aim was to compare the demographic and psychopathological features of panic disorder (PD) patients who underwent hyperventilation and breath-holding challenge tests, and to describe the features of patients who had a panic attack after both tests versus those patients who did not experience panic after either test. Eighty-five PD patients were induced to hyperventilate (30 breaths/min) for 4 min, and a week later to hold their breath for as long as possible four times with a 2-min interval in between. Anxiety scales were applied before and after the tests. Patients who responded with a panic attack to both tests (BPA, n = 25) were compared with patients who experienced spontaneous panic attacks but did not panic in response to the two tests (NPA, n = 16). The BPA group had a significantly higher presence of respiratory symptoms during a panic attack. The criteria for the respiratory PD subtype were fulfilled in 18 (72.0%) BPA patients and in 6 (37.5%) NPA patients. The BPA patients had a later onset of panic disorder and a higher familial prevalence of PD. Our data suggest that there is a distinction between PD patients who were sensitive to both hyperventilation and breath-holding tests and PD patients who were not affecte...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 1, 2008·Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare·For-Wey LungBih-Ching Shu
Sep 15, 2009·Depression and Anxiety·Katharina KircanskiHans-Ulrich Wittchen
Jun 29, 2012·Revista brasileira de psiquiatria : orgão oficial da Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria, Asociación Psiquiátrica de la América Latina·Rafael C Freire, Antonio E Nardi
Jan 24, 2018·Expert Opinion on Drug Safety·Laiana A QuagliatoAntonio E Nardi
Jul 6, 2010·Harvard Review of Psychiatry·Rafael C FreireAntonio E Nardi

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