Comparison of a single case to a control or normative sample in neuropsychology: development of a Bayesian approach

Cognitive Neuropsychology
J R Crawford, P H Garthwaite

Abstract

Frequentist methods are available for comparison of a patient's test score (or score difference) to a control or normative sample; these methods also provide a point estimate of the percentage of the population that would obtain a more extreme score (or score difference) and, for some problems, an accompanying interval estimate (i.e., confidence limits) on this percentage. In the present paper we develop a Bayesian approach to these problems. Despite the very different approaches, the Bayesian and frequentist methods yield equivalent point and interval estimates when (a) a case's score is compared to that of a control sample, and (b) when the raw (i.e., unstandardized) difference between a case's scores on two tasks are compared to the differences in controls. In contrast, the two approaches differ with regard to point estimates of the abnormality of the difference between a case's standardized scores. The Bayesian method for standardized differences has the advantages that (a) it can directly evaluate the probability that a control will obtain a more extreme difference score, (b) it appropriately incorporates error in estimating the standard deviations of the tasks from which the patient's difference score is derived, and (c) ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 19, 2009·Neuropsychology Review·Philip G Gasquoine
Jan 5, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Tali SharonAsaf Gilboa
Jul 2, 2011·Cognitive Neuropsychology·John R CrawfordLiam T Wood
Aug 26, 2011·Cognitive Neuropsychology·Rebecca M Scott, Carolyn E Wilshire
Nov 26, 2011·Cognitive Neuropsychology·Michael SmithsonAnne M Aimola Davies
Feb 2, 2012·Cognitive Neuropsychology·Ipek OruçJason J S Barton
Nov 10, 2009·Neurocase·David Brang, V S Ramachandran
Aug 3, 2012·Neurocase·Ineke J M van der HamEsther van den Berg
May 11, 2011·Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition·L PiccardiC Guariglia
Feb 25, 2009·The Clinical Neuropsychologist·John R CrawfordKarolina Betkowska
Sep 19, 2012·The Clinical Neuropsychologist·John R CrawfordKate J Allsopp
Apr 16, 2009·Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience·Andrea FacoettiMarco Zorzi
Mar 31, 2010·Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience·Michael WolmetzBrenda Rapp
Sep 11, 2010·PloS One·Jenny C A ReadAndrew J Parker
Oct 30, 2013·Cognitive Neuropsychology·Simon Fischer-Baum
Oct 27, 2012·Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior·Dario GrossiLuigi Trojano
Apr 8, 2014·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Constantin RezlescuBradley Duchaine
May 31, 2014·Attention, Perception & Psychophysics·Jennifer L MilneLore Thaler
Jul 5, 2016·Computational Statistics & Data Analysis·Fadlalla G ElfadalyJohn R Crawford
Dec 19, 2015·Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science·Kirsten A Dalrymple, Romina Palermo
Dec 25, 2015·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Gilles Vannuscorps, Alfonso Caramazza
Jan 27, 2016·Research in Developmental Disabilities·Eddy CavalliPascale Colé
Dec 8, 2014·Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior·Arnaud SajPatrik Vuilleumier
Nov 22, 2011·Neuropsychologia·V MoroS M Aglioti
Sep 23, 2016·Neuropsychological Rehabilitation·Mélanie CognéStephanie Clarke
Sep 21, 2011·Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior·Robert D McIntosh, Joanna L Brooks
Apr 5, 2011·Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior·John R CrawfordKevin Ryan
Jun 16, 2010·Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior·Laura GermineBradley Duchaine
Oct 24, 2009·Brain and Cognition·M de MontalembertP Mamassian
May 28, 2009·Science in China. Series C, Life Sciences·Zaizhu Han, Yanchao Bi
Oct 27, 2009·Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior·Naama FriedmannEinav Rahamim
Sep 4, 2008·Neuropsychologia·Lúcia GarridoBrad Duchaine

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Software Mentioned

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