Comparison of extraction techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from lichen biomonitors

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
Leandri Van der Wat, Patricia B C Forbes

Abstract

Lichens are useful biomonitors for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Different sample preparation techniques were explored in this regard, including ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet, and the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique. It was found that a QuEChERS technique using hexane:acetone (1:1, v/v), never reported before for application to lichens, provided the best recoveries of internal standards, the highest total peak area for all PAHs of interest, and %RSDs comparable with the other preparation techniques tested. The optimized sample preparation technique was found to be a comparatively fast method (45 min), with good recoveries (96%), using less solvents and minimal energy consumption. Strong matrix effects were found: both strong enhancement (for the lighter PAHs) and strong suppression (for the heavier PAHs). The use of matrix-matched standards is thus imperative for the accurate determination of PAH concentrations in the lichen samples. Graphical abstract "Note: This data is mandatory. Please provide."

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Citations

Aug 2, 2020·Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation·Adedapo O Adeola, Patricia B C Forbes
Mar 7, 2021·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Marwa KerbouaJesus Miguel Lopez Rodilla
Oct 23, 2019·Analytical Chemistry·Patricia Belinda Crosby Forbes

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