Complex abdominal wall defects: appearances at prenatal imaging

Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
Reza PakdamanAnne Kennedy

Abstract

Abdominal wall defects are a complex group of anomalies, and many are incorrectly diagnosed. Evaluation of the defect relative to the umbilical cord insertion site is fundamentally important in differentiating among the various malformations. The two most common abdominal wall defects are gastroschisis, in which the defect is on the right side of the normally inserting cord and free-floating bowel loops are present, and omphalocele, in which the cord inserts on a membrane-covered midline defect. Omphalocele may also form a portion of a more complex defect that may remain undiagnosed without thorough evaluation. In cloacal exstrophy, the defect extends inferiorly and the bowel loops extrude between the two bladder halves. In pentalogy of Cantrell, the defect extends superiorly and is typically associated with ectopia cordis. Bladder exstrophy is a lower abdominal defect in which the hallmark finding is absence of a fluid-filled bladder. The cord insertion site is normal to low but does not form part of the defect. Both body stalk anomaly and abdominoschisis due to amniotic bands cause severe malformations, often involving extrusion of solid organs and the bowel. Although these two entities have many overlapping features, body st...Continue Reading

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Citations

Nov 29, 2015·Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR·Evan J ZuckerBeverley Newman
Mar 13, 2018·Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc·Kyle K JensenRoya Sohaey
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Feb 15, 2021·Congenital Anomalies·Hiromi NagaseHiroshi Ishikawa
Sep 10, 2021·BMJ Case Reports·Jayaram SivarajSara Gozzini

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