Conditioning of transcranial magnetic stimulation: evidence of sensory-induced responding and prepulse inhibition

Brain Stimulation
Kevin A JohnsonMark S George

Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method for stimulating the human cortex. Classical conditioning is a phenomenon of developed associations between stimuli. Our primary objective was to determine whether TMS effects could be conditioned. Prepulse inhibition represents another relationship between two stimuli, and a secondary assessment was performed to explore this relationship. An auditory-visual conditioning stimulus (CS) was paired with the TMS unconditioned stimulus (US) over motor cortex producing a motor-evoked potential (MEP) unconditioned response (UR). Two versions of the CS-US pairing paradigms were tested, one with a short intertrial interval (ITI) and another with a long ITI. The short ITI paradigm had more CS-US pairings and shorter session duration than the long ITI paradigm. Tests for conditioned responses (CRs) were performed following CS-US pairing (CS+/US+), by presenting the CS alone (CS+/US-). Reverse testing was also performed after CS-US pairing (CS+/US+) in separate sessions, by presenting the US alone (CS-/US+). Evidence for CRs was found only with the short ITI paradigm. The magnitudes of CRs were smaller than TMS-induced MEPs, and the CRs were found only in a percentage of tests...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 10, 2019·Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics·Elizabeth A WillSusan L Hepburn
May 28, 2019·Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice·Samantha E Schulz, Ryan A Stevenson
Sep 5, 2015·Child Neuropsychology : a Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence·Alessandro TonacciSebastiano Gangemi

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