Congo red dye diversely affects organisms of different trophic levels: a comparative study with microalgae, cladocerans, and zebrafish embryos

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
Miriam Hernández-Zamora, Fernando Martínez-Jerónimo

Abstract

Global consumption of synthetic dyes is roughly 7 × 105 tons per year, of which the textile industry expends about two-thirds. Consumption of synthetic dyes produces large volumes of wastewater discharged into aquatic ecosystems. Colored effluents produce toxic effects in the hydrobionts, reduce light penetration, and alter the photosynthetic activity, causing oxygen depletion, among other effects. Some dyes, such as Congo red (CR), are elaborated with benzidine, a known carcinogenic compound. Information regarding dye toxicity in aquatic ecosystems is scarce; therefore, our study was aimed at evaluating the toxicity of CR on a battery of bioassays: the microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the cladocerans Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia rigaudi, and the zebrafish Danio rerio. P. subcapitata was the most sensitive species to CR (IC50, 3.11 mg L-1); in exposed individuals, population growth was inhibited, but photosynthetic pigments and macromolecule concentrations were stimulated. D. magna was tolerant to high dye concentrations, the determined LC50 (322.9 mg L-1) is not an environmentally relevant value, but for C. rigaudi, LC50 was significantly lower (62.92 mg L-1). In zebrafish embryos, exposure to CR produced yolk sac ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 29, 2020·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Carina Cristina de Jesus AzevedoCassiana Carolina Montagner
Aug 9, 2019·Ecotoxicology·Miriam Hernández-Zamora, Fernando Martínez-Jerónimo
Dec 8, 2020·Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology : CBP·Mine KöktürkMehmet Salih Nas
Jul 6, 2021·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Vanessa Silva Granadeiro GarciaSueli Ivone Borrely

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