Conjugated Bilirubin Upregulates TIM-3 Expression on CD4+ CD25+ T Cells: Anti-Inflammatory Implications for Hepatitis A Virus Infection

Viral Immunology
Jorge L Trujillo-OchoaNora A Fierro

Abstract

Bilirubin (BR), a metabolite with increased concentrations in plasma during viral hepatitis, has been recognized as a potential immune-modulator. We recently reported that conjugated BR (CB) augments regulatory T cell (Treg) suppressor activity during acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. However, the mechanisms related to the effects of CB on Treg function in the course of hepatotropic viral diseases have not been elucidated. T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), via its interactions with galectin-9 (GAL-9), is a receptor associated with enhanced Treg function. Thus, TIM-3 expression may be related to the crosstalk between CB and Tregs during HAV infection. Herein, in vitro treatment with high concentrations of CB upregulated TIM-3 expression on Tregs from healthy donors. CB treatment in vitro did not induce de novo Treg generation, and in vitro stimulation with TGF-β, which shows increased secretion during HAV infection, resulted in a trend toward increased TIM-3 expression on Tregs and CD4+ T lymphocytes (TLs) from healthy donors. Interestingly, an upregulation of TIM-3 expression on CD4+CD25+ T cells and an increase in the proportion of CD4+ TLs expressing GAL-9 were found in HAV-infected patients with...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 17, 2019·The Journal of General Virology·Emily A MachalaBarry Slobedman
Oct 11, 2019·Current Hypertension Reports·Terry D Hinds, David E Stec
Sep 6, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Tatsuo KandaMitsuhiko Moriyama

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
flow cytometry

Software Mentioned

xPONENT
GUAVA EASYCYTE
INCYTE
GraphPad
GraphPad Prism

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