Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation

Anesthesia and Analgesia
Patrick SchoberLothar A Schwarte

Abstract

Correlation in the broadest sense is a measure of an association between variables. In correlated data, the change in the magnitude of 1 variable is associated with a change in the magnitude of another variable, either in the same (positive correlation) or in the opposite (negative correlation) direction. Most often, the term correlation is used in the context of a linear relationship between 2 continuous variables and expressed as Pearson product-moment correlation. The Pearson correlation coefficient is typically used for jointly normally distributed data (data that follow a bivariate normal distribution). For nonnormally distributed continuous data, for ordinal data, or for data with relevant outliers, a Spearman rank correlation can be used as a measure of a monotonic association. Both correlation coefficients are scaled such that they range from -1 to +1, where 0 indicates that there is no linear or monotonic association, and the relationship gets stronger and ultimately approaches a straight line (Pearson correlation) or a constantly increasing or decreasing curve (Spearman correlation) as the coefficient approaches an absolute value of 1. Hypothesis tests and confidence intervals can be used to address the statistical si...Continue Reading

References

Apr 2, 1994·BMJ : British Medical Journal·J M Bland, D G Altman
Jul 9, 1999·Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine·A M Porter
Jan 22, 2008·Nutrition in Clinical Practice : Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition·Brian R Overholser, Kevin M Sowinski
Mar 15, 2011·BMJ : British Medical Journal·J Martin Bland, Douglas G Altman
Jun 14, 2017·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Thomas R Vetter
Aug 9, 2017·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Thomas R Vetter
Aug 11, 2017·Korean journal of anesthesiology·Sang Kyu Kwak, Jong Hae Kim
Jan 19, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Edward J Mascha, Thomas R Vetter

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Apr 21, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Thomas R Vetter, Patrick Schober
May 18, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Thomas R Vetter, Patrick Schober
Jun 16, 2018·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Apr 24, 2019·Neurogastroenterology and Motility : the Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society·Simone BarsottiRossella Neri
Aug 1, 2019·JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics·Deirdre WeymannDean A Regier
Sep 17, 2019·Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR·Yeonggwang ParkCara E Stepp
Oct 17, 2019·Revista latino-americana de enfermagem·Mauricio Arias-RojasCarolina Posada-López
Oct 23, 2019·Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment·Ambbar Aballay-GonzálezAllisson Astuya
Nov 9, 2019·Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology·Richard MeierDevin C Koestler
Dec 5, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Raquel AzevedoPaula Magalhães
Dec 12, 2019·PloS One·Karlee K L CraigR Darren Wood
Dec 26, 2019·The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy·C J MansfieldL C Boucher
Dec 27, 2019·American Journal of Health-system Pharmacy : AJHP : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists·Qoua L Her, Jenna Wong
Jan 15, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Jan 15, 2020·Multiple Sclerosis : Clinical and Laboratory Research·Amber SalterRuth Ann Marrie
Jan 11, 2020·DNA Research : an International Journal for Rapid Publication of Reports on Genes and Genomes·Carrie A WhittleCassandra G Extavour
Oct 31, 2019·Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation·Maisa Vitória GayosoGuilherme Antonio Moreira de Barros
Feb 23, 2020·Journal of Sports Sciences·Carlos Balsalobre-FernándezKristof Kipp
Aug 24, 2019·Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society·Cinthia Terroba-ChambiSergio Starkstein
Mar 17, 2020·Anesthesia and Analgesia·Patrick Schober, Thomas R Vetter
Apr 19, 2020·Advances in Skin & Wound Care·Saulo Pereira da CostaMônica Antar Gamba
May 1, 2020·The Journal of Hand Surgery, European Volume·Jayme Augusto Bertelli
Dec 7, 2019·Journal of Medical Entomology·Susan P EliasRobert P Smith
May 8, 2020·Microbial Drug Resistance : MDR : Mechanisms, Epidemiology, and Disease·Ana Laura Granados-TristánKatia Peñuelas-Urquides

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.