Cortex-wide Changes in Extracellular Potassium Ions Parallel Brain State Transitions in Awake Behaving Mice

Cell Reports
Rune RasmussenMaiken Nedergaard

Abstract

Brain state fluctuations modulate sensory processing, but the factors governing state-dependent neural activity remain unclear. Here, we tracked the dynamics of cortical extracellular K+ concentrations ([K+]o) during awake state transitions and manipulated [K+]o in slices, during visual processing, and during skilled motor execution. When mice transitioned from quiescence to locomotion, [K+]o increased by 0.6-1.0 mM in all cortical areas analyzed, and this preceded locomotion by 1 s. Emulating the state-dependent [K+]o increase in cortical slices caused neuronal depolarization and enhanced input-output transformation. In vivo, locomotion increased the gain of visually evoked responses in layer 2/3 of visual cortex; this effect was recreated by imposing a [K+]o increase. Elevating [K+]o in the motor cortex increased movement-induced neuronal spiking in layer 5 and improved motor performance. Thus, [K+]o increases in a cortex-wide state-dependent manner, and this [K+]o increase affects both sensory and motor processing through the dynamic modulation of neural activity.

Citations

Aug 21, 2020·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Ryan V RautMarcus E Raichle
Dec 1, 2020·Nanomedicine·Min WeiDaishun Ling
Dec 6, 2020·Glia·Ignacio Fernández-MoncadaLuis Felipe Barros
Nov 17, 2020·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience·Anthony G PacholkoLane K Bekar
Apr 4, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Alba Bellot-SaezYossi Buskila
May 7, 2021·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Scott Earley, David Kleinfeld
Jun 18, 2021·Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews·Xi HuDaishun Ling
Jul 23, 2021·Science Advances·Ryan V RautMarcus E Raichle

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