Cryptochromes define a novel circadian clock mechanism in monarch butterflies that may underlie sun compass navigation

PLoS Biology
Haisun ZhuSteven M Reppert

Abstract

The circadian clock plays a vital role in monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) migration by providing the timing component of time-compensated sun compass orientation, a process that is important for successful navigation. We therefore evaluated the monarch clockwork by focusing on the functions of a Drosophila-like cryptochrome (cry), designated cry1, and a vertebrate-like cry, designated cry2, that are both expressed in the butterfly and by placing these genes in the context of other relevant clock genes in vivo. We found that similar temporal patterns of clock gene expression and protein levels occur in the heads, as occur in DpN1 cells, of a monarch cell line that contains a light-driven clock. CRY1 mediates TIMELESS degradation by light in DpN1 cells, and a light-induced TIMELESS decrease occurs in putative clock cells in the pars lateralis (PL) in the brain. Moreover, monarch cry1 transgenes partially rescue both biochemical and behavioral light-input defects in cry(b) mutant Drosophila. CRY2 is the major transcriptional repressor of CLOCK:CYCLE-mediated transcription in DpN1 cells, and endogenous CRY2 potently inhibits transcription without involvement of PERIOD. CRY2 is co-localized with clock proteins in the PL, and th...Continue Reading

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
transfection
transfections
nuclear translocation
PCR
transfect
immunoprecipitation
transgenic

Software Mentioned

Matlab Processing Toolbox
ImageGauge
Monarch
Fly Activity Analysis Suite ( FaasX ) CYCLE _ P
TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor ( DAM )
FlyToolbox

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