Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis emissions from humans and animals in the Three Gorges Reservoir in Chongqing, China

PeerJ
Qian HuangDayong Wang

Abstract

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are two waterborne protozoan parasites that can cause diarrhea. Human and animal feces in surface water are a major source of these pathogens. This paper presents a GloWPa-TGR-Crypto model that estimates Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis emissions from human and animal feces in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), and uses scenario analysis to predict the effects of sanitation, urbanization, and population growth on oocyst and cyst emissions for 2050. Our model estimated annual emissions of 1.6 × 1015 oocysts and 2.1 × 1015 cysts from human and animal feces, respectively. Humans were the largest contributors of oocysts and cysts, followed by pigs and poultry. Cities were hot-spots for human emissions, while districts with high livestock populations accounted for the highest animal emissions. Our model was the most sensitive to oocyst excretion rates. The results indicated that 74% and 87% of total emissions came from urban areas and humans, respectively, and 86% of total human emissions were produced by the urban population. The scenario analysis showed a potential decrease in oocyst and cyst emissions with improvements in urbanization, sanitation, wastewater treatment, and manure manage...Continue Reading

References

Jun 18, 2005·Journal of Applied Microbiology·M L HutchisonS M Avery
Mar 7, 2006·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Kristin E SearcyThomas Harter
May 15, 2007·Advances in Parasitology·Thaddeus K Graczyk, Bernard Fried
Nov 11, 2008·Water Research·Céline MonsLaurent Moulin
Feb 10, 2009·Journal of Environmental Quality·G L VelthofO Oenema
May 11, 2011·Water Research·Jialiang TangNicholas M Holden
Jun 5, 2012·Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)·Wei AnMin Yang
Nov 28, 2012·The Science of the Total Environment·N HofstraG J Medema
Aug 27, 2013·International Journal for Parasitology·Jan Šlapeta
Feb 14, 2014·Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)·Guosheng XiaoWeiqun Shu
Oct 2, 2014·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health·José Antonio Castro-HermidaMercedes Mezo
Oct 4, 2014·The Lancet Infectious Diseases·William CheckleyEric R Houpt
May 20, 2015·Pathogens·Nicholas M KiuliaJoan B Rose
Feb 11, 2016·Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases·Haiyan WangLongxian Zhang
Oct 26, 2016·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health·Nynke Hofstra, Lucie C Vermeulen
Feb 20, 2017·Water Research·Artemis EfstratiouPanagiotis Karanis
Jun 27, 2017·Water Research·Artemis EfstratiouPanagiotis Karanis
Jun 28, 2017·Environmental Science & Technology·Lucie C VermeulenNynke Hofstra
Oct 28, 2017·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Yinghui LiXuexin Qu
Feb 7, 2018·Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·Reza GhafariReza Rafiei
Jun 13, 2018·Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases·Yayun WuLongxian Zhang
Oct 5, 2018·The Science of the Total Environment·Muhammad Shahid IqbalNynke Hofstra
Nov 18, 2018·Water Research·Lucie C VermeulenNynke Hofstra
Apr 28, 2019·Veterinary Parasitology : Regional Studies and Reports·Lynda SahraouiKarim Tarik Adjou
May 15, 2019·PloS One·Folasade Esther AdeyemoThor Axel Stenström
May 16, 2019·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health·Frhat M A Saaed, Jerry E Ongerth
Jun 13, 2019·Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinária = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Órgão Oficial do Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária·Felippe Danyel Cardoso MartinsRoberta Lemos Freire
Jun 24, 2019·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment·Xunde LiEdward R Atwill

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Software Mentioned

TGR
Crypto
GloWPa

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.