Current concepts in the biology of orthodontic tooth movement

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
Richard S Masella, Malcolm Meister

Abstract

Adaptive biochemical response to applied orthodontic force is a highly sophisticated process. Many layers of networked reactions occur in and around periodontal ligament and alveolar bone cells that change mechanical force into molecular events (signal transduction) and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are sensitive environment-to-genome-to-environment communicators, capable of restoring system homeostasis disturbed by orthodontic mechanics. Five micro-environments are altered by orthodontic force: extracellular matrix, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, nuclear protein matrix, and genome. Gene activation (or suppression) is the point at which input becomes output, and further changes occur in all 5 environments. Hundreds of genes and thousands of proteins participate in OTM. Gene-directed protein synthesis, modification, and integration form the essence of all life processes, including OTM. Bone adaptation to orthodontic force depends on normal osteoblast and osteoclast genes that correctly express needed proteins at the right times and places. Cell membrane receptor-ligand docking is an important initiator of signal transduction and a discovery target for new bone-enhancing drugs. Despite progress in id...Continue Reading

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