Current perspectives on unconventional shale gas extraction in the Appalachian Basin

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
David J Lampe, John F Stolz

Abstract

The Appalachian Basin is home to three major shales, the Upper Devonian, Marcellus, and Utica. Together, they contain significant quantities of tight oil, gas, and mixed hydrocarbons. The Marcellus alone is estimated to contain upwards of 500 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. The extraction of these deposits is facilitated by a combination of horizontal drilling and slick water stimulation (e.g., hydraulic fracturing) or "fracking." The process of fracking requires large volumes of water, proppant, and chemicals as well as a large well pad (3-7 acres) and an extensive network of gathering and transmission pipelines. Drilling can generate about 1,000 tons of drill cuttings depending on the depth of the formation and the length of the horizontal bore. The flowback and produced waters that return to the surface during production are high in total dissolved solids (TDS, 60,000-350,000 mg L(-1)) and contain halides (e.g., chloride, bromide, fluoride), strontium, barium, and often naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) as well as organics. The condensate tanks used to store these fluids can off gas a plethora of volatile organic compounds. The waste water, with its high TDS may be recycled, treated, or disposed of throug...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 5, 2016·The Science of the Total Environment·M P J A AnnevelinkA J Hendriks
Oct 27, 2016·The Science of the Total Environment·Elise G ElliottNicole C Deziel
Jul 7, 2017·Reviews on Environmental Health·Leigh-Anne KrometisLinsey C Marr
Sep 25, 2019·Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering·Tetiana CantlayJohn F Stolz
Dec 7, 2016·Environmental Geochemistry and Health·P J SaundersA Munroe
Sep 20, 2019·Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering·Tetiana CantlayJohn F Stolz

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