Current Status and Future Direction of Immunotherapy in Urothelial Carcinoma

Current Oncology Reports
Michael Lattanzi, Arjun V Balar

Abstract

Since 2016, five new programmed cell death protein 1/ligand 1 (PD-1/L1) checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. This review will summarize the data supporting the widespread use of these agents and highlight areas of ongoing clinical development. PD-1/L1 axis inhibition has demonstrated clear superiority to chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer in the second-line setting. A multitude of ongoing studies are investigating the feasibility and efficacy of incorporating established and novel immunotherapies into earlier lines of therapy, including non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer and even non-muscle-invasive disease. Early-phase clinical trials have begun to explore the safety and activity of novel immune-oncology combinations across a range of clinical settings. Immunotherapy has a clearly defined role in the treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer both in the platinum-refractory setting and in the first-line cisplatin-ineligible setting. Ongoing clinical trials will dictate how to best incorporate immunotherapy into earlier lines of therapy and define the safety and activity of novel immunotherapy agents and combinations.

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Citations

Sep 6, 2019·Journal of Hematology & Oncology·Kevin ZarrabiShenhong Wu
Mar 26, 2021·Pathology, Research and Practice·Alessandro RizzoFrancesco Massari
Nov 7, 2021·Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·Xinan ShengJun Guo

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