Abstract
A review and tutorial on the potential use of the skin for sound localization are presented. Some basic physical and psychophysical properties are reviewed; special properties and phantom perceptions associated with cutaneous stimulation are presented; experiments by Békésy, Gescheider, Frost, Richardson and Weisenberger on different instrumentation for/and results on localization of sound sources with skin stimulation are analysed. The best results have been obtained using intensity differences between two vibrators. Sound source localization precision approaching that of the auditory sense in quiet surroundings has been obtained, particularly when free head movements are allowed. Significant results have also been obtained with temporal differences, provided the natural sound delay between the ears is increased to fit the coding characteristics of the skin. As yet, no portable equipment has been designed and tested in realistic environments.
References
Apr 1, 1979·Perception & Psychophysics·B L Richardson, B J Frost
Dec 1, 1978·Perception & Psychophysics·B L RichardsonF J Saunders
Jul 1, 1977·The Journal of Psychology·B L Richardson, B J Frost
Apr 1, 1976·The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·B J Frost, B L Richardson
Nov 1, 1988·The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·S J BolanowskiC M Checkosky
Sep 1, 1987·The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·J M Weisenberger, J D Miller
Dec 1, 1974·Journal of Experimental Psychology·J H Kirman
Oct 13, 1972·Science·F A Geldard, C E Sherrick
Dec 1, 1965·Journal of Experimental Psychology·G A Gescheider
Apr 1, 1983·Perception & Psychophysics·F A Geldard, C E Sherrick
May 1, 1983·The International Journal of Neuroscience·G Jansson
Jan 1, 1967·The Journal of General Physiology·G von Békésy
Jan 1, 1959·Psychological Review·G VON BEKESY
Nov 1, 1960·Journal of the Optical Society of America·G V BEKESY