Degenerative and spontaneous regenerative processes after spinal cord injury

Journal of Neurotrauma
Theo Hagg, Martin Oudega

Abstract

Spinal cord injury results in acute as well as progressive secondary destruction of local and distant nervous tissue through a number of degenerative mechanisms. Spinal cord injury also initiates a number of endogenous neuroprotective and regenerative responses. Understanding of these mechanisms might identify potential targets for treatments after spinal cord injury in humans. Here, we first discuss recent developments in our understanding of the immediate traumatic and subsequent secondary degeneration of local tissue and long projecting pathways in animal models. These include the inflammatory and vascular responses during the acute phase, as well as cell death, demyelination and scar formation in the subacute and chronic phases. Secondly, we discuss the spontaneous axonal regeneration of injured and plasticity of uninjured systems, and other repair-related responses in animals, including the upregulation of regeneration-associated genes in some neurons, increases in neurotrophic factors in the spinal cord and remyelination by oligodendrocyte precursors and invading Schwann cells. Lastly, we comment on the still limited understanding of the neuropathology in humans, which is largely similar to that in rodents. However, there...Continue Reading

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