Abstract
There are two different ways for cells to die: necrosis and apoptosis. Cell death has traditionally been described as necrotic or apoptotic based on morphological criteria. There are controversy about the respective roles of apoptosis and necrosis in cell death resulting from trauma to the central nervous system (CNS). An evaluation of work published since 1997 in which electron microscopy was applied to ascertain the role of apoptosis and necrosis in: spinal cord injury, stroke, and hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) showed evidence for necrosis and apoptosis based on DNA degradation, presence of histones in cytoplasm, and morphological evidence in spinal cord. In the aftermath of stroke, many of the biochemical markers for apoptosis were present but the morphological determinations suggested that necrosis is the major source of post-traumatic cell death. This was not the case in H/I where both biochemical assays and the morphological studies gave more consistent results in a manner similar to the spinal cord injury studies. After H/I, major factors affecting cell death outcomes are DNA damage and repair processes, expression of bcl-like gene products and inflammation-triggered cytokine production.
Citations
Jun 21, 2011·Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology·P PratheeshkumarGirija Kuttan
Sep 1, 2010·Experimental Neurobiology·Hyuk Min KimByung Gon Kim
Dec 4, 2012·Acta Pharmacologica Sinica·Philippe M D'Onofrio, Paulo D Koeberle
Nov 21, 2018·Journal of Cellular Biochemistry·Yuan-Qing WangXi-Zhao Huang
Sep 28, 2005·Neurochemical Research·Richard L BentonScott R Whittemore
Jan 11, 2005·Neuroreport·Yimin YuKazutoshi Kiuchi
Dec 6, 2003·Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology·D D PearseW D Dietrich
Jan 22, 2013·International Endodontic Journal·C LoretoM C Rusu
Jun 9, 2011·Drug and Chemical Toxicology·Poyil Pratheeshkumar, Girija Kuttan
Feb 12, 2015·Journal of Neurotrauma·Gregory HawrylukGeoffrey Manley
Nov 26, 2008·Journal of Asian Natural Products Research·Lan DingHong Yang
Jun 11, 2005·International Endodontic Journal·A M LoyolaM C F Aguiar
Sep 17, 2004·Pediatric Research·Magali ChiralJean Claude David
Feb 19, 2009·Journal of Neuroscience Research·Martin B Gill, J Regino Perez-Polo
Aug 4, 2021·Stem Cells International·Seidu A Richard, Marian Sackey