PMID: 11920716Mar 29, 2002Paper

Descending supraspinal pathways in amphibians: III. Development of descending projections to the spinal cord in Xenopus laevis with emphasis on the catecholaminergic inputs

The Journal of Comparative Neurology
C Sánchez-CamachoA González

Abstract

In developmental stages of the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, we describe the ontogeny of descending supraspinal connections, catecholaminergic projections in particular, by means of retrograde tracing techniques with dextran amines. Already at embryonic stages (stage 40), spinal projections from the reticular formation, raphe nuclei, Mauthner neurons, vestibular nuclei, the locus coeruleus, the interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the posterior tubercle, and the periventricular nucleus of the zona incerta are well developed. At the beginning of the premetamorphic period (stage 46), spinal projections arise from the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the torus semicircularis, the pretectal region, and the ventral telencephalon. After stage 48, tectospinal and cerebellospinal projections develop, with spinal projections from the preoptic area following at stage 51. Rubrospinal projections are present at stage 50. During the prometamorphic period, spinal projections arise in the nucleus of the solitary tract, the lateral line nucleus, and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. With in vitro double-labeling methods, based on retrograde tracing of dextran amines in combination with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistoche...Continue Reading

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Citations

Nov 6, 2012·Biological cybernetics·Iman Kamali SarvestaniÖrjan Ekeberg
Oct 12, 2010·Brain Structure & Function·Huazheng LiangCharles Watson
Apr 25, 2003·Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research·Catalina SueiroRamón Anadón
Oct 14, 2003·The Journal of Comparative Neurology·Nerea Moreno, Agustín González
Dec 17, 2002·The Journal of Comparative Neurology·Cristina Sánchez-CamachoAgustín González
May 18, 2018·Cold Spring Harbor Protocols·Kurt M Gibbs, Ben G Szaro
Oct 14, 2021·Brain, Behavior and Evolution·Oscar Marín, Nerea Moreno

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