Design and development of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors to monitor intracellular chemical and physical parameters

Biophysics Reviews
Arno GermondTomonobu M Watanabe

Abstract

Over the past decades many researchers have made major contributions towards the development of genetically encoded (GE) fluorescent sensors derived from fluorescent proteins. GE sensors are now used to study biological phenomena by facilitating the measurement of biochemical behaviors at various scales, ranging from single molecules to single cells or even whole animals. Here, we review the historical development of GE fluorescent sensors and report on their current status. We specifically focus on the development strategies of the GE sensors used for measuring pH, ion concentrations (e.g., chloride and calcium), redox indicators, membrane potential, temperature, pressure, and molecular crowding. We demonstrate that these fluroescent protein-based sensors have a shared history of concepts and development strategies, and we highlight the most original concepts used to date. We believe that the understanding and application of these various concepts will pave the road for the development of future GE sensors and lead to new breakthroughs in bioimaging.

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
FRET
fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
X-ray
PCR
atomic force microscopy
protein proximity imaging

Software Mentioned

Clomeleon
Citrene
FlaSh
Redoxfluor
mOrange2
QuasAr1
QuasAr2
Pericam
ArcLight
mKeima

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