Detection of Changes in Surgical Difficulty: Evidence From Pupil Responses

Surgical Innovation
Bin ZhengM Stella Atkins

Abstract

Assessing the workload of surgeons requires technology to continuously monitor surgeons' behaviors without interfering with their performance. We investigated the feasibility of using eye-tracking to reveal surgeons' response to increasing task difficulty. A controlled study was conducted in a simulated operating room, where 14 subjects were required to perform a laparoscopic procedure that includes 9 subtasks. The subtasks could be divided into 3 types with different levels of task difficulty, calculated by the index of task difficulty (ID) proposed by Fitts in 1954. Pupillary responses of subjects in performing the procedure were recorded using Tobii eye-tracking equipment. Peak pupil dilation and movement time were compared between subtasks with different IDs as well as between fast moving and slow aiming phases within each subtask. When the task difficulty was increased, task completion time increased. Meanwhile, the subjects' peak pupil size also increased. As the entire procedure was performed continuously, we found that pupil responses were not only affected by the ID in the current subtask but also influenced by subtasks before and after. Decomposing a surgical procedure into meaningful subtasks and examining the surgeo...Continue Reading

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Citations

Nov 4, 2015·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience·Daniel R LeffGuang-Zhong Yang
Oct 28, 2016·Surgical Endoscopy·Leandro L Di StasiAndrés Catena
Jul 6, 2016·BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making·Tad T BrunyéJoann G Elmore
Jan 28, 2017·Journal of Surgical Education·María Luísa Sánchez-FerrerFrancisco Sánchez Del Campo
Jan 12, 2020·The International Journal of Medical Robotics + Computer Assisted Surgery : MRCAS·James DilleyErik Mayer
Jul 21, 2020·Surgical Innovation·Jani KoskinenAntti-Pekka Elomaa
Sep 30, 2020·Journal of Medical Systems·Shang LuBin Zheng
May 30, 2020·PloS One·Nora CastnerEnkelejda Kasneci
Oct 6, 2020·Frontiers in Psychology·Gonca Gokce Menekse Dalveren, Nergiz Ercil Cagiltay
Jul 12, 2017·Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing·Igor Pernek, Alois Ferscha
Feb 7, 2020·Nursing Education Perspectives·Mary Ann Shinnick, Cristina Cabrera-Mino
Jun 29, 2021·Frontiers in Surgery·Ester Marín-ConesaMaría Luisa Sánchez-Ferrer
Sep 4, 2021·BJS Open·B ZhengM S Atkins
Sep 9, 2021·Computers, Informatics, Nursing : CIN·Bryan A WilbanksKatherine M Dudding

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