Detection, transformation, and toxicity of indole-derivative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during chlorine disinfection

Chemosphere
Jingfan QiuYang Pan

Abstract

As important emerging contaminants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most intensively prescribed pharmaceuticals introduced to drinking water due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment. While concentrations of NSAIDs in drinking water are generally low, they have been attracting increasing concern as a result of their disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generated in drinking water disinfection. In this work, detection methods were set up for four representative indole-derivative NSAIDs (indomethacin, acemetacin, sulindac, and etodolac) using ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-triple quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-tqMS). ESI+ was better for detection of indomethacin and sulindac, whereas ESI- was suitable to detection of acemetacin and etodolac. With optimized MS parameters, the instrument detection and quantitation limits of the four indole derivatives were achieved to be 1.1-24.6 ng/L and 3.7-41.0 ng/L, respectively. During chlorination, indomethacin and acemetacin could undergo five major reaction types (chlorine substitution, hydrolysis, decarboxylation, C-C coupling, and C-N cleavage) to form a series of DBPs, among which 19 were proposed/identified with struc...Continue Reading

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