Abstract
The study examined the determinants of being hospitalized for pneumonia in a large cohort of drug users. Information of 4817 clients seeking treatment for illicit drug use was linked with the Finnish hospital discharge register to identify those who were hospitalized with main/primary diagnoses of pneumonia during 1997-2013. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between age, gender, homelessness, and route of drug administration of the primary drug at initial clinical consultation and pneumonia hospitalization. Findings were presented as adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. There were 354 persons diagnosed with pneumonia, with a total of 522 hospitalizations at the end of 2013. The univariate Cox models revealed that being over 44 years of age, male gender, homelessness, and intravenous drug use at initial clinical consultation increased the risk of being hospitalized for pneumonia. In the fully adjusted multivariate model, being over 44 years was the strongest factor independently associated with pneumonia hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.56-4.57, p < 0.001), followed by homelessness (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.38-2.22, p ...Continue Reading
References
Dec 1, 1990·Thorax·C R Hind
Aug 1, 1995·Chest·A E O'DonnellM S Richardson
Jul 1, 1996·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·A BoschiniG Rezza
Feb 27, 2001·Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine·D P Tashkin
Oct 12, 2002·Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc·Michael B GotwayW Richard Webb
Jan 30, 2004·The British Journal of Dermatology·P Del Giudice
Jun 29, 2006·CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'Association Medicale Canadienne·Mark GilbertJohn Conly
Apr 17, 2007·Medicine·Thomas J Marrie, M Reza Shariatzadeh
May 29, 2007·Journal of Thoracic Imaging·Elsie T NguyenNestor L Müller
May 9, 2008·Infection·G MadedduM S Mura
Nov 18, 2008·Medicine·Jennie JohnstoneThomas J Marrie
Apr 21, 2009·Current Opinion in Psychiatry·Chuan-Yu Chen, Keh-Ming Lin
Sep 30, 2009·PloS One·Agron PlevneshiUNKNOWN Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network
Jul 9, 2011·Respirology : Official Journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology·Jordi AdamuzJordi Carratalà
Jul 27, 2011·Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology : the Official Journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology·Sabita RoyRoderick A Barke
Dec 16, 2011·The New England Journal of Medicine·Arnold M EpsteinE John Orav
Dec 19, 2012·Journal of Addictive Diseases·Ifeoma N OnyekaJussi Kauhanen
Mar 19, 2013·BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making·Kari HaikonenReijo Sund
Mar 26, 2013·American Journal of Infection Control·Chaojie WeiJiong Yang
May 17, 2013·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Andrew F ShorrMarin H Kollef
Jun 13, 2013·Respiratory Medicine·D A Wooten, L G Winston
Oct 23, 2013·Chemico-biological Interactions·Bruno Mégarbane, Lucie Chevillard
Oct 24, 2013·American Journal of Public Health·Barbara JonesNathan C Dean
Sep 23, 2014·The Chinese Journal of Physiology·Shih-Sen LinChen-Chun Lin
Jul 15, 2015·The New England Journal of Medicine·Seema JainUNKNOWN CDC EPIC Study Team
Oct 17, 2015·Biogerontology·Mariana Torrente GonçalvesJanet M Lord