Development of the caffeine withdrawal symptom questionnaire: caffeine withdrawal symptoms cluster into 7 factors

Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Laura M JulianoAshley T Westerman

Abstract

Habitual caffeine consumers who abstain from caffeine experience withdrawal symptoms such as headache, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, mood disturbances, and flu-like symptoms (Juliano and Griffiths, 2004). The caffeine withdrawal syndrome has been documented across many experimental studies; however, little is known about how withdrawal symptoms co-vary during a discrete episode. Furthermore, a validated measure of caffeine withdrawal is lacking. To develop, evaluate, and reduce a 23-item measure of caffeine withdrawal symptoms; the Caffeine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire (CWSQ), to a set of composite variables. Caffeine consumers (N=213) completed the CWSQ after 16h of caffeine abstinence. A subset of participants also completed the CWSQ during a preceding baseline period and/or after double-blind consumption of caffeinated coffee. Principal components analysis resulted in a solution comprised of 7-factors: (1) Fatigue/drowsiness; (2) Low alertness/difficulty concentrating; (3) Mood disturbances; (4) Low sociability/motivation to work; (5) Nausea/upset stomach; (6) Flu-like feelings; and (7) Headache. With the exception of nausea/upset stomach, the CWSQ total score and individual composite scores were significantly great...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 25, 2014·Journal of Caffeine Research·Steven E MeredithRoland R Griffiths
Mar 5, 2016·Journal of Psychopharmacology·Llewellyn MillsBen Colagiuri
Sep 26, 2017·Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise·Z I Xiang LimPaul A Fournier
Dec 12, 2018·Journal of Psychopharmacology·Llewellyn MillsBen Colagiuri
Mar 13, 2019·Human Psychopharmacology·Laura M JulianoKathryn C Edwards
May 24, 2014·Current Opinion in Psychiatry·Catherine W Striley, Shivani R Khan
Dec 19, 2019·Frontiers in Neurology·Karl B Alstadhaug, Anna P Andreou
Jul 6, 2014·Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society·Mandy J WellsMandy J Fader
Dec 25, 2019·Scientific Reports·Anisa MoravaHarry Prapavessis
Jun 13, 2017·Frontiers in Psychiatry·Jennifer L TempleMiriam A Mestre
Apr 26, 2017·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Daniele WikoffCandace Doepker
May 2, 2021·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Matthew S Agritelley, Jeffrey J Goldberger
Feb 27, 2021·Scientific Reports·Janine WeibelCarolin F Reichert

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