Abstract
The upper airways play an essential role in the conduction of air into the lungs, and influence the properties of the inhaled air by both the anatomical structure and the functional properties of the mucosa, cartilages and neural and lymphatic tissues. The upper airways also play an important role in the protection of the lower airways, in the formation of the sound and host the sense of olfaction. Main events in the development of the upper airways happen during early embryonic periods. Postnatally, the growth of the airways follows the growth of the skeleton of the head and of the neck and thorax. Growth is accelerated mainly during the first 2 years of life; thereafter, it linearly follows the growth of the body. For a profound understanding of the function of the upper airways, it is important to understand the main developmental events during both prenatal and postnatal periods.
References
May 1, 1991·Journal of Cranio-maxillo-facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery·J HärtelG Kundt
Feb 1, 1991·Journal of Pediatric Surgery·D K NakayamaE K Motoyama
Dec 31, 1998·Acta Oto-laryngologica·P G Djupesland, B Lyholm
Oct 3, 1999·The Journal of Laryngology and Otology·J L LancasterS R Jackson
Sep 30, 2000·Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences·R C VoglerT K Pilgram
Feb 13, 2001·Archives of Oral Biology·D E LiebermanJ B Palmer
Sep 29, 2001·International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology·R K ChandraL D Holinger
Jan 10, 2002·American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine·Raanan ArensAllan I Pack
Aug 2, 2002·Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS·Nina Wantia, Gerhard Rettinger
Oct 23, 2002·Archives of Disease in Childhood·A Bush, C O'Callaghan
Dec 28, 2002·Anesthesiology·Ronald S LitmanPer-Lennart Westesson
Citations
Jul 20, 2012·International Journal of Pediatrics·Marie Trabalon, Benoist Schaal
May 15, 2010·Archives of Toxicology·Gunnar Damgård Nielsen, Peder Wolkoff
Oct 11, 2012·Biomaterials·Christophe Y Dombu, Didier Betbeder
Oct 28, 2008·The Anatomical Record : Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology·Christoph P E Zollikofer, John D Weissmann
Jul 8, 2010·Human Brain Mapping·Jesus PujolSalvador Olmos
May 1, 2012·International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering·Ying WangWei Zhao
Aug 12, 2005·Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons·Radhika Chigurupati, Robert Myall
Sep 17, 2013·Journal of Biomechanics·Moyin ZhaoGary Rosengarten
Jul 22, 2016·European Journal of Orthodontics·Lloyd M BuckAlexandra K Papadopoulou
Sep 9, 2017·Tissue Barriers·Hasan Yuksel, Ahmet Turkeli
Apr 30, 2019·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Sarah E HammondDavid Rosow
Oct 8, 2014·Angewandte Chemie·Timothy A HillDavid P Fairlie
Apr 11, 2014·The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal·Tal MaromTasnee Chonmaitree
Jul 14, 2019·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Sarah E HammondDavid Rosow
May 21, 2020·Frontiers in Pediatrics·Konstantinos Douros, Mark L Everard
Dec 6, 2020·Clinical Otolaryngology : Official Journal of ENT-UK ; Official Journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery·Eleftherios NtouniadakisMathias von Beckerath
May 18, 2021·Toxicology Reports·Meena EaswaranElizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
Aug 3, 2021·Rhinology·H-J ChoJ-H Yoon