Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a heterogeneous disorder with a wide range of skin manifestations. In the second part of this review, diagnostic procedures and treatment options in CLE are summarized.The diagnosis of the various subtypes of CLE is based on patients's history,clinical findings,laboratory features, and histological and immunofluorescent examinations of skin biopsies. In case of systemic organ involvement, further adequate technical investigations are necessary. The therapy has to be adjusted to the subtype of CLE and its inflammatory activity as well as the extent of skin involvement. The skin manifestations of CLE are primarily treated by topical therapy, such as glucocorticosteroids, in combination with antimalarials. The response of CLE to immunosuppressive drugs that control organ involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus is often disappointing. Recent advances in biotechnology resulted in the development of several novel systemic agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases; however, controlled clinical trials are still necessary for the approval of new therapies in CLE.
References
Mar 29, 2000·The British Journal of Dermatology·A ParodiA Rebora
Jun 26, 2001·Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology·A KuhnP Lehmann
Nov 16, 2005·Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG·Joerg WenzelThomas Tüting
Nov 22, 2005·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·Joerg AlbrechtVictoria P Werth
Jan 13, 2006·The Australasian Journal of Dermatology·Jeffrey P Callen
Mar 21, 2006·Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift für Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete·A KuhnG Bonsmann
Oct 25, 2006·Autoimmunity·Henry J Lee, Animesh A Sinha
Jan 26, 2007·Advances in Dermatology·Michelle T Pelle
Apr 17, 2007·Lancet·Nathalie Costedoat-ChalumeauJean-Charles Piette
Citations
Oct 31, 2009·Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift für Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete·M Sticherling
Dec 7, 2010·Immunogenetics·Ping WangMargret L Casal
Sep 18, 2008·Archives of Dermatological Research·Miklós SárdyAnnegret Kuhn
Feb 14, 2012·International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases·Md Nazrul IslamJohannes J Rasker
Mar 8, 2011·The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society·Laura M ChangVictoria P Werth
Feb 4, 2014·Journal of Autoimmunity·Annegret Kuhn, Aysche Landmann
Mar 15, 2014·Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia·Jucélio Pereira Moura FilhoEutilia Andrade Medeiros Freire
Apr 20, 2011·Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology·Annegret KuhnThomas Ruzicka
Aug 18, 2009·The British Journal of Dermatology·G B E JemecT Ruzicka
Mar 27, 2015·Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·T GambichlerA Kreuter
Aug 3, 2016·Autoimmunity Reviews·A KuhnG Bonsmann
Aug 14, 2012·Autoimmune Diseases·Luís UvaPaulo Filipe
Feb 12, 2017·Mayo Clinic Proceedings·Dema T AlniemiDavid A Wetter
Aug 10, 2010·Lupus·G ObermoserB Zelger
May 24, 2018·Lupus·M Prütz PetersenM Bliddal
Jun 21, 2018·Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·A VerdelliM Caproni
Feb 15, 2019·Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG·Christoph M SchemppStephanie Finzel
Feb 15, 2019·Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG·Christoph M SchemppStephanie Finzel
Aug 13, 2010·Experimental Dermatology·Cosima C KretzAnnegret Kuhn
Mar 5, 2021·Lupus Science & Medicine·Joseph F MerolaTaylor L Reynolds
Jan 15, 2015·Pediatric Rheumatology Online Journal·Direkrit ChiewchengcholMichael W Beresford