Diarrhea at the Hajj and Umrah

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
Philippe GautretZiad A Memish

Abstract

This systematic review aims to summarize the incidence and etiology of diarrheal illness among pilgrims attending the Hajj and Umrah. Gastroenteritis and diarrhea have been potential threats during previous Hajj pilgrimages. The last cases of Hajj related cholera were reported in 1989. Currently, respiratory tract infections account for the majority of health problems during the Hajj. This shift in epidemiology reflects the improvement of sanitary conditions in Saudi Arabia in general, and at religious sites in particular. Nevertheless, gastrointestinal diseases, food-poisoning outbreaks, and diarrhea continue to occur among pilgrims. Available studies about diarrhea among Hajj pilgrims indicate a mean prevalence of 2% with the highest prevalence of 23% among a group of French pilgrims in 2013. There is an obvious lack of information about the etiology of diarrheal disease at the Hajj. Further studies addressing this issue in hospitalized patients as well as prospective cohort studies would be of interest. During the Hajj, hand washing is regularly carried out by pilgrims under a ritual purification, often called ablution. We recommend implementation of effective hand hygiene practices focusing on the regular use of alcohol-bas...Continue Reading

References

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Jul 11, 2013·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·Samir BenkouitenPhilippe Gautret
May 27, 2014·Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health·Ziad A Memish, Abdullah A Al Rabeeah
May 27, 2014·Lancet·Ziad A MemishJaffar A Al-Tawfiq
Jul 8, 2014·Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease·Samir BenkouitenPhilippe Gautret

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Citations

Oct 6, 2015·Vaccine·Amani S AlqahtaniHarunor Rashid
Jul 16, 2015·Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics·Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Ziad A Memish
May 28, 2016·Médecine et maladies infectieuses·A Salmon-RousseauA de La Blanchardière
Apr 18, 2018·BioMed Research International·Doaa A AbdelmoetyAmani Abu-Shaheen
Sep 21, 2017·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Moataz Abd El GhanyZiad A Memish
Aug 30, 2018·Current Infectious Disease Reports·Van-Thuan Hoang, Philippe Gautret
Sep 29, 2020·Indian Journal of Public Health·Asghar TavanHossein Tavangar
Sep 13, 2020·European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology·Van-Thuan HoangPhilippe Gautret
Apr 19, 2016·Annals of the American Thoracic Society·Jaffar A Al-TawfiqZiad A Memish
Dec 16, 2020·Viruses·Laith N Al-EitanAnthony R Fooks

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