Did Covid-19 hit harder in peripheral areas? The case of Italian municipalities.

Economics and Human Biology
Francesco ArmilleiThomas Fletcher

Abstract

The first wave of Covid-19 pandemic had a geographically heterogeneous impact even within the most severely hit regions. Exploiting a triple-differences methodology, we find that in Italy Covid-19 hit relatively harder in peripheral areas: the excess mortality in peripheral areas was almost double that of central ones in March 2020 (1.2 additional deaths every 1000 inhabitants). We leverage a rich dataset on Italian municipalities to explore mechanisms behind this gradient. We first show that socio-demographic and economic features at municipal level are highly collinear, making it hard to identify single-variable causal relationships. Using Principal Components Analysis we model excess mortality and show that areas with higher excess mortality have lower income, lower education, larger households, lower trade and higher industrial employments, and older population. Our findings highlight a strong centre-periphery gradient in the harshness of Covid-19, which we believe is also highly relevant from a policy-making standpoint.

References

Jan 4, 2018·BMC Health Services Research·James K Elrod, John L Fortenberry
May 18, 2019·Economics and Human Biology·Sara MarkowitzJoshua J Robinson
Jun 24, 2020·QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians·T SawanoJ Wang
Sep 6, 2020·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Vadim A KaratayevChris T Bauch
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Apr 9, 2021·European Journal of Public Health·Mario Fontán-VelaJavier Padilla-Bernáldez
Jul 8, 2021·Journal of Economic Surveys·Abel BrodeurSuraiya Bhuiyan

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