Diffusion kinetics and optical waveguiding properties of outdiffused layers in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate

Applied Optics
J R CarruthersL W Stulz

Abstract

Increases in the extraordinary refractive index sufficient to produce single and multimode optical waveguides have been produced by the outdiffusion of lithium oxide from the surfaces of lithium niobate and lithium tantalate crystals. The outdiffusion kinetics have been studied in detail by optical interferometry. The data fit a diffusion model for which the vaporizing surface flux is constant with time. For lithium niobate, the activation energy for diffusion is 68 +/- 1.2 kcal/mol and does not vary with orientation. However the gradient of refractive index change at the surface is larger for diffusion normal to the c-axis than parallel to the c-axis. Activation energies for vaporization of 71 kcal/mol and 59 kcal/mol were calculated from the model for diffusion perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis, respectively. The evaporation coefficient, alpha, was estimated to be less than 10(-4) with alpha perpendicular/alpha || approximately 3 so vaporization is surface reaction limited. For lithium tantalate, the activation energy for diffusion is 51 +/- 6 kcal/mol and also does not vary with orientation. The activation energy for vaporization, Q(upsilon), is approximately 63 kcal/mol and, within experimental error, is quite simila...Continue Reading

Citations

Oct 1, 1975·Applied Optics·J F Weller, T G Giallorenzi
Jun 15, 1979·Applied Optics·L Goldberg, S H Lee
Jan 1, 1981·Applied Optics·A B Buckman, R A Montgelas
May 1, 1975·Applied Optics·W T TsangS Wang
Mar 20, 1995·Applied Optics·H Gnewuch, H Renner
Jun 15, 1980·Applied Optics·G A Bennett, C L Chen

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.