Digitally controlled analog proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for high-speed scanning probe microscopy

The Review of Scientific Instruments
Maja DukicGeorg E Fantner

Abstract

Nearly all scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) contain a feedback controller, which is used to move the scanner in the direction of the z-axis in order to maintain a constant setpoint based on the tip-sample interaction. The most frequently used feedback controller in SPMs is the proportional-integral (PI) controller. The bandwidth of the PI controller presents one of the speed limiting factors in high-speed SPMs, where higher bandwidths enable faster scanning speeds and higher imaging resolution. Most SPM systems use digital signal processor-based PI feedback controllers, which require analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. These converters introduce additional feedback delays which limit the achievable imaging speed and resolution. In this paper, we present a digitally controlled analog proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The controller implementation allows tunability of the PID gains over a large amplification and frequency range, while also providing precise control of the system and reproducibility of the gain parameters. By using the analog PID controller, we were able to perform successful atomic force microscopy imaging of a standard silicon calibration grating at line rates up to several kHz.

References

Oct 11, 2001·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·T AndoA Toda
May 30, 2006·Ultramicroscopy·Georg E FantnerPaul K Hansma
May 11, 2010·Nanotechnology·Christoph Braunsmann, Tilman E Schäffer
Oct 7, 2010·Biophysical Journal·Ignacio CasusoSimon Scheuring
Oct 12, 2010·Nature·Noriyuki KoderaToshio Ando
Jan 18, 2012·Nanotechnology·Toshio Ando
Apr 25, 2014·IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems·Benedikt SchleckerJens Anders
Oct 3, 2014·The Review of Scientific Instruments·Jonathan D AdamsGeorg E Fantner
Feb 12, 2015·Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology·Adrian P NievergeltGeorg E Fantner
Jul 15, 2015·Scientific Reports·Adrian P NievergeltGeorg E Fantner
Nov 26, 2015·Nature Nanotechnology·Jonathan D AdamsGeorg E Fantner

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Citations

Apr 5, 2018·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Brett Hartman, Sean B Andersson
Jan 13, 2021·Sensors·Luke Oduor OtienoYong Joong Lee
Apr 7, 2021·The Review of Scientific Instruments·Son T LeArvind Balijepalli

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