Discrimination Between Self and Non-Self-Nucleic Acids by the Innate Immune System

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
Takumi Kawasaki, Taro Kawai

Abstract

During viral and bacterial infections, the innate immune system recognizes various types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as nucleic acids, via a series of membrane-bound or cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), AIM2-like receptors (ALRs), and cytosolic DNA sensors. The binding of PAMPs to these receptors triggers the production of type I interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines. Type I IFN induces the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which protect surrounding cells from infection. Some ISGs are nucleic acids-binding proteins that bind viral nucleic acids and suppress their replication. As nucleic acids are essential components that store and transmit genetic information in every species, infectious pathogens have developed systems to escape from the host nucleic acid recognition system. Host cells also have their own nucleic acids that are frequently released to the extracellular milieu or the cytoplasm during cell death or stress responses, which, if able to bind pattern-recognition receptors, would induce autoimmunity and inflammation. Therefore, host cells have acquired mechanisms to protect themselves from c...Continue Reading

Citations

Nov 14, 2019·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Jennifer L MeagherJanet L Smith
Aug 30, 2020·FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·Ruihua MaKaren M Ridge
Sep 17, 2020·Oncoimmunology·Giorgio FregaOliver Kepp
Feb 26, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Gunnar Houen, Nicole Trier
Nov 28, 2020·Cell Death & Disease·Jitka FucikovaLorenzo Galluzzi
Feb 6, 2021·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Erika Huijser, Marjan A Versnel
Jan 5, 2021·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology·Klaus T PreissnerElisabeth Deindl
Feb 21, 2021·Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews·Chenhe Su, Chunfu Zheng
Jul 3, 2021·Nutrients·Hana M A FakhouryKhaled Alkattan

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
deamination
glycosylation

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