Disentangling Tourette syndrome heterogeneity through hierarchical ascendant clustering

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
Elena CravediDavid Cohen

Abstract

To explore the heterogeneity of Tourette syndrome as part of a neurodevelopmental spectrum. Using hierarchical ascendant clustering based on tic symptoms, developmental milestones, and neurodevelopmental comorbidities, we analyzed the heterogeneity of Tourette syndrome phenotypes in a sample of 174 children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome referred to a tertiary university clinic. The model yielded three distinct clusters characterized as follows. In cluster 1, we found many neurodevelopmental comorbidities (including intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], and learning disabilities) and academic impairments. In cluster 2, patients had no other neurodevelopmental comorbidities. In cluster 3, patients had higher intelligence, a high frequency of attentional impairment, school problems related to both ADHD and unspecific attention difficulties, and handwriting problems related to the tics themselves. Interestingly, clusters did not differ in terms of family history or anxious-depressive comorbidities. The only other differences that emerged were related to prenatal or perinatal risk factors (more represented in cluster 1) and treatment profiles (higher rates of s...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 15, 2018·Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology·Robert J Reynolds, Steven M Day
Sep 12, 2019·F1000Research·Olivia RoseKevin J Black

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